Where Is the Arctic? Is its boundary the Arctic Circle? (2024)

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Article by: Hobart M. King, PhD, RPG


Where Is the Arctic? Is its boundary the Arctic Circle? (1)

Boundaries of the Arctic: This map shows the three boundaries commonly used to define the southern geographic extent of the Arctic: 1) the Arctic Circle (shown as a dashed blue line); 2) the area where the average temperature of the warmest month is less than ten degrees Celsius (shown as a solid red line); and, 3) the arctic treeline (shown as a solid green line). Public domain image from the CIA Factbook, treeline added by the National Snow and Ice Data Center [2]. Click to enlarge.

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What Is "The Arctic"?

The Arctic is the polar region of Earth that surrounds the North Pole. It includes the Arctic Ocean, numerous islands, and the northernmost portions of several countries. These include: Canada, Finland, Greenland, Norway, Russia, Sweden, and the United States. Most people can agree with that statement. However, there are some scientific disagreements over how far south the Arctic extends and what marks its southern boundary.

Here are three southernmost boundaries of the Arctic that have been used by many people.

Where Is the Arctic? Is its boundary the Arctic Circle? (2) areas north of the Arctic Circle
Where Is the Arctic? Is its boundary the Arctic Circle? (3) where July temperatures average below 10°C
Where Is the Arctic? Is its boundary the Arctic Circle? (4) areas north of the Arctic treeline

In the paragraphs below we will explore what defines these boundaries.

Where Is the Arctic? Is its boundary the Arctic Circle? (5)

Arctic Ice Extent Map: This image shows the extent of Arctic ice on September 11, 2015. NASA Earth Observatory images by Jesse Allen, using data from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2) sensor on the Global Change Observation Mission 1st-Water (GCOM-W1) satellite. [1] Click to enlarge.

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What Is the Arctic Circle?

The Arctic Circle is a line of latitude that circles the Earth at approximately 66° 33' 47.2" north of the Equator. How was that strange number determined? The position of the Arctic Circle is at the latitude above which the sun does not set on the summer solstice and does not rise on the winter solstice.

This is what causes the Arctic to have a very long continuous night each year and a very long continuous day. The length of these long continuous days and nights are six months each at the North Pole. Their length decreases with distance from the North Pole.

The approximate location of the Arctic Circle is plotted on the map at the top of this page as a dashed blue line.

The latitude of the Arctic Circle is slowly drifting northward at a speed of about 15 meters per year. On July 2, 2018 it was at approximately 66° 33' 47.2" north of the Equator. This drift has nothing to do with climate change. Instead, the drift occurs because the Earth wobbles on its axis of rotation in a 40,000 year cycle in response to the gravitational attraction of the moon.

To most of the general public, using the Arctic Circle as the defining southern boundary for "the Arctic" is easy and makes total sense. However, some researchers believe that there are better ways to draw a map of the Arctic.

Average July Temperature Below 10°C

The full explanation for this boundary is "the area where the average temperature for the warmest month of the year is below 10°C (or approximately 50°F)". The warmest month of the year is almost always July. This boundary can be plotted on a map as a line of equal temperature known as the 10°C isotherm or the 50°F isotherm.

The approximate location of the 10°C isotherm is plotted on the map at the top of this page as a solid red line.

Some researchers prefer using the 10°C isotherm to define the southern limit of the arctic rather than using the Arctic Circle. Many of them prefer the 10°C isotherm because it is a boundary of "equal temperature conditions" rather than a latitude line. The 10°C isotherm can also be plotted over bodies of water, and that is where it has its greatest variability.

Climate change is pushing Earth’s climate zones northward. The 10°C isotherm provides a constant temperature condition used to define the arctic at a time when its extent is shrinking.

Arctic Information
[1] Arctic Sea Ice Reaches Annual Low: Article on NASA's Earth Observatory website, September 16, 2015.

[2] Map of the Arctic Treeline: Map on the National Snow & Ice Data Center website, acessed August 3, 2018.


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What Is the Arctic Treeline?

The arctic treeline is the northern geographic limit of tree survival. North of the treeline, temperatures are so cold that trees are killed when their inner sap freezes in winter. North of the treeline, trees are unable to easily grow root systems deep into the frozen soil. This deprives them of the nutrients and structural support that they need for survival. Many other types of plant life are limited by these conditions, and the fauna that depend upon the plants are also limited.

Some researches like to use the treeline as a southern limit of the arctic because it is a visible change in the landscape and a severe change in lifeforms. Some researchers believe that it is a logical southern boundary for the arctic.

The approximate location of the treeline is plotted on the map at the top of this page as a solid green line.

Just as the 10°C isotherm will migrate north with shifting climate zones, the treeline is also expected to move northward over time. However, the movement of the arctic treeline is likely to be much slower than the movement of the 10°C isotherm because the trees take longer to respond.

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Where Is the Arctic?  Is its boundary the Arctic Circle? (2024)

FAQs

Where Is the Arctic? Is its boundary the Arctic Circle? ›

Key ways to define the Arctic: The Arctic Circle (66 ° 33'N) delimits the Arctic in terms of solar radiation. In theory, areas north of the Arctic Circle have at least one day without daylight in the winter and at least one nightless night in the summer.

What is the boundary of the Arctic? ›

Key ways to define the Arctic: The Arctic Circle (66 ° 33'N) delimits the Arctic in terms of solar radiation. In theory, areas north of the Arctic Circle have at least one day without daylight in the winter and at least one nightless night in the summer.

Where is the line of the Arctic Circle? ›

Arctic Circle, parallel, or line of latitude around Earth, at approximately 66°30′ N. Because of Earth's inclination of about 23 1/2° to the vertical, it marks the southern limit of the area within which, for one day or more each year, the sun does not set (about June 21) or rise (about December 21).

Where is an Arctic Circle located? ›

The Antarctic Circleis located in Southern hemisphere , which is also referred to as a polar circle, is one of the five latitude circles that are used to divide maps of Earth.

Where is the Arctic Circle quizlet? ›

Arctic Circle, 66.5 degrees North, 5. Antarctic Circle 66.5 degrees South, 6. North Pole 90 degrees North, 7. South Pole 90 degrees South.

Is the Arctic the same as the Arctic Circle? ›

There are a number of definitions of what area is contained within the Arctic. The area can be defined as north of the Arctic Circle (about 66° 34'N), the approximate southern limit of the midnight sun and the polar night.

What is the Arctic front a boundary between? ›

Meteorological Physical Background

An Arctic Cold Front is a boundary between arctic and polar air masses. An Arctic air mass forms, when the air above a snow/ice covered surface cools down due to very low solar heating and strong heat emission from the surface. Consequently, it is only found above the polar ice areas.

Where is the Arctic Circle now? ›

The position of the Arctic Circle is not fixed and currently runs 66°33′50.0″ north of the Equator. Its latitude depends on the Earth's axial tilt, which fluctuates within a margin of more than 2° over a 41,000-year period, owing to tidal forces resulting from the orbit of the Moon.

Where is the edge of the Arctic Circle? ›

Hraunhafnartangi is the northernmost point of Iceland, at the edge of the Arctic Circle. It's an easy walk to the lighthouse at Hraunhafnartangi, and standing on the northernmost tip of mainland Iceland is fun. On the east coast of the Melrakkaslétta plain is Raufarhöfn, the northernmost of all the villages in Iceland.

Which state is closer to the Arctic Circle? ›

The Far North region of Alaska encompasses the Arctic Circle, Alaska's North Slope, and the Brooks Range. The Far North is a sparsely populated arctic wilderness, a place where caribou outnumber people.

Where is the Arctic located in the world? ›

The Arctic is dominated by the Arctic Ocean basin, and the icy reaches of Scandinavia, Russia, the U.S. state of Alaska, Canada, and Greenland. The Arctic is the northernmost region of Earth. Most scientists define the Arctic as the area within the Arctic Circle, a line of latitude about 66.5° north of the Equator.

Do people stay in Arctic Circle? ›

Answer and Explanation: Yes, Inuit people of Greenland and Canada as well as numerous other people groups have lived in the Arctic for up to the last 20,000 years. These people survive mostly on a diet of meat supplemented with some summer berries and other vegetation.

What country is closest to the North Pole? ›

The Canadian territory of Nunavut lies closest to the North Pole. Greenland, the world's largest island and an autonomous teterritory within the Kingdom of Denmark, is also close to the pole.

Which US city is above the Arctic Circle? ›

The town of Utqiagvik (Barrow) is the northernmost settlement in America and one of the state's largest Iñupiat communities. As the seat of the 88,000 square-mile North Slope Borough, Utqiagvik is also the world's largest municipality.

Where does Arctic take place? ›

Mads Mikkelsen Braves the Elements in 'Arctic

Mads Mikkelsen and director Joe Penna share what it was like braving the extreme cold while shooting their survival tale in Iceland.

Where is the Arctic Circle located for kids? ›

The Arctic Circle is a parallel of latitude (66° 30′ N. latitude), 1,650 miles (2,660 kilometers) from the North Pole, the northern end of the Earth's axis. Actually, the Arctic Circle does not enclose all the Arctic regions.

What type of plate boundary is the Arctic? ›

The Gakkel Ridge (formerly known as the Nansen Cordillera and Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge) is a mid-oceanic ridge, a divergent tectonic plate boundary between the North American Plate and the Eurasian Plate. It is located in the Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean, between Greenland and Siberia.

What type of boundary dispute is the Arctic? ›

In other parts of the Arctic, however, disputes remain. Most noticeable due to its size is a maritime boundary dispute between Canada and the United States in the Beaufort Sea.

What is the border of the Arctic ocean? ›

The Arctic Ocean is surrounded by the land masses of Eurasia (Russia and Norway), North America (Canada and the U.S. state of Alaska), Greenland, and Iceland.

What is the boundary of Antarctica? ›

From a biological perspective, the Antarctic convergence is a natural boundary of the Antarctic region, rather than an artificial one like a line of latitude (60°S is the political boundary of Antarctica).

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